The state of the climate crisis

What could a climate that’s severely out of whack look like? Could it spur devastating floods in the American Northeast? Or terrible fires, like the kind that leveled the historic Hawaiian town of Lahaina, the deadliest wildfire in the United States in more than a century? Or powerful tropical storms like Otis, the fastest accelerating hurricane on record?

In a word, yes.

Research makes it plain that climate change will bring about a hotter planet. El Niño pushed ocean heat this year to levels never recorded before. Scientists are now certain that 2023 will be the hottest year since temperature record-keeping began in the mid-1800s.

And yet, even more extreme temperatures may be coming. Some research predicts that we are on the cusp of blowing past the red line to limit the planet’s temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, which would have limited the most extreme consequences of the climate crisis.

All of this puts us at a pivotal moment for humanity’s future — and for our ability to alter our course.

Against this apocalyptic backdrop, global leaders are convening in Dubai for the 28th annual United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) on climate change, which begins this week and convenes through December 12. This year’s climate change summit is especially critical: It marks the first time that countries will take stock of how far we’ve come as a collective in addressing climate change — and how far we still have to go.

These dizzying and bureaucratic talks happen every year, and can be frustratingly ineffective as the planet marches faster toward a more uncertain future. But with this new Vox series, we aim to shift the gaze away from Dubai — and away from pessimism — to the remarkable places and communities confronting the effects of a warming and increasingly volatile planet.

In these features, we offer readers stories about community activism and agency, emerging science that provides hope in a mining-torn landscape, recovery and resilience, and a glimpse of the coastal communities standing up to El Nino’s wrath. We aim to contextualize this moment and explore big themes such as the notions of refuge, the power of community activism, and the promise of climate reparations for nations in need. The climate crisis — and the decisions we make to address it — are already impacting countries around the world; here, we explain what’s at stake through the lens of our international communities.

Karlotta Freier for Vox

We’re about to breach the 1.5 degrees C limit meant to curb global warming. Here’s what that means.

As global leaders gather in Dubai for the COP28 conference in December, a scientific consensus is growing that annual global temperatures are on the cusp of exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius for the first time. The convention’s speakers will return to this threshold again and again — but why has 1.5 degrees been elected as a red line for curbing climate change? And what will it actually mean to cross it?

By Umair Irfan

Karlotta Freier for Vox

The non-bureaucrat’s glossary for saving the planet

Even the most consummate climate experts get hung up on simple phrases, and often, the highest-stakes decisions impacting the planet come down to the simplest language. To help clarify the most important debates that underscore our current moment — to make sense of what needs to be done about supercharged heat waves, hurricanes, and other troubles on the horizon — it’s essential to understand the concepts that underpin an array of terms. Ongoing efforts in the climate movement hinge on these concepts, but they will also take center stage at COP28 in Dubai.

By Rebecca Leber

Karlotta Freier for Vox

Appalachia could be a climate refuge. First, its community must resurrect the rivers.

You might be surprised to learn that Appalachia, a region long associated with some of the most devastating consequences of coal mining, is considered by scientists to be “the largest climate change haven in the continental United States.” Its unique topography helps insulate it from extreme heat, tornadoes, and drought, and recent studies have identified central Appalachia as an important hub for in-migration and climate-adaptive development.

But to live up to that potential, the region’s scientists and residents must address the issue of acid mine drainage in its rivers. Emerging technology from labs at Penn State and West Virginia universities has led to a process for distilling rare earth elements and minerals — key for developing next-generation batteries and semiconductors to fuel clean energy technologies — from acid mine drainage. The solution that comes out of this work isn’t likely to be one you’d expect.

By Kate Morgan

Karlotta Freier for Vox

A climate-charged El Niño is hammering Peru and Bolivia this year. At the UN climate talks, they’re seeking justice.

This year has been the hottest year on record in many parts of the world, and that includes South America, where temperatures pushed to jaw-dropping, extreme highs — during winter. Now spring is rising, a powerful El Niño is setting in, and countries like Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador are in the line of fire.

During strong El Niño years, countries on the western coast of South America experience torrential downpours and extreme heat. These diverse countries are important case studies; having contributed little to the overall problem of climate change, they suffer some of its worst effects. The story of Latin America facing down El Niño shows the need for dealing with the consequences of the climate crisis more equitably.

By Umair Irfan

Karlotta Freier for Vox

How climate reparations could help Malawi recover from Cyclone Freddy

In the spring of 2023, the exceptionally long-lived and powerful Cyclone Freddy led to the deaths of more than 1,400 people in Malawi, a small country in eastern Africa. Ongoing deforestation and severe landslides made Malawi more vulnerable to the climate disaster. The nation’s continuing recovery highlights how a loss and damage fund created by affluent nations under a global climate agreement could help communities like these all over the world avoid severe fallout in the aftermath of climate disasters. That is, of course, if — and that’s a very big if — affluent nations agreed to create such a fund.

By Yessenia Funes

Karlotta Freier for Vox

How Mexico’s Indigenous communities are defending their forests against climate change and corruption

Mexico is one of seven countries identified by the United Nations Environment Program as the most biodiverse on the American continent, and it possesses the largest percentage of land — more than 50 percent — collectively owned by Indigenous communities, who protect landscapes home to key species such as the monarch butterfly, the jaguar, turtles, and rare trees and plants.

But this important landscape faces threats from corrupt government officials and private enterprises that seek to aggressively log the forest. To protect their local environment, Indigenous communities are mounting an offense against deforestation that would make them more vulnerable to climate change.

By Anjan Sundaram

Karlotta Freier for Vox

Was COP28 the beginning of the end of fossil fuels?

This year’s United Nations climate change conference (COP28) was especially critical: It marked the first time that countries have collectively taken stock of how far we’ve come as a collective in addressing climate change — and how far we still have to go. But what came of this year’s convention and what happens next?

By Umair Irfan

CREDITS

Contributors: Umair Irfan, Rebecca Leber, Yessenia Funes, Kate Morgan, and Anjan Sudaram
Editorial lead: Paige Vega, Bryan Walsh, Adam Clark Estes
Art Director: Paige Vickers
Illustrations: Karlotta Freier
Copy editors: Tanya Pai, Caitlin PenzeyMoog, Kim Eggleston, Elizabeth Crane, Sarah Schweppe
Fact checking: Colleen Barrett, Caitlin PenzeyMoog, Sarah Schweppe, Matthew Giles, Maggie Duffy, Sabrina Toppa
Audience: Shira Tarlo, Agnes Mazur, Gabby Fernandez
Special Thanks: Nisha Chittal, Natalie Jennings, Swati Sharma

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